What is a stroke?

A stroke occurs when a part of the brain gets damaged due to interruption of its blood supply. The symptoms and signs of a stroke depend on the size and location of the damaged area.

In a transient ischaemic attack (TIA), the symptoms of stroke disappear completely within 24 hours.

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

Common symptoms include:

• Weakness of face, arm, leg on one side
• Numbness of face, arm, leg on one side
• Slurred speech or speech difficulty
• Loss of vision
• Double vision
• Loss of balance or coordination
• Giddiness together with one of the above symptoms
• Loss of consciousness or coma
• Worst headache in your life
• Symptoms usually occur suddenly and may get worse over the following minutes or hours. They may occur during sleep and be noticed only on waking up.
  

How can strokes be prevented?

The risk of stroke can be lowered by:

• Avoiding excessive alcohol intake
• Adopting a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a healthy weight
• Eat healthily. Choose foods low in fat, salt and sugar and high in fibre
• Exercise regularly
  
• Early detection and treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol and heart disease
• Learn to manage stress
  
• Quit smoking. Do not smoke
  
• Taking medications regularly and going for regular check-ups

When should you seek emergency treatment for a stroke?

Act FAST for stroke

Stroke is an emergency. Recognise stroke symptoms and act F.A.S.T.

• FACE – Facial Droop. Uneven smile
• ARM – Arm numbness. Arm weakness
• SPEECH – Slurred speech. Difficulty in speaking or understanding
• TIME – Call 995 and get to the hospital immediately

What causes strokes?

Blood is supplied to the brain by blood vessels called arteries. These arteries may get blocked, causing an ischaemic stroke or infarct. Less commonly, these arteries may burst, causing a haemorrhagic stroke or brain haemorrhage.

What are the risk factors for strokes?

There are a number of factors that increase the risk of stroke:

• Old age
  
• Male gender
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Cigarette smoking
• Diabetes mellitus
• High cholesterol
  
• Irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation)
• Certain heart diseases including a recent heart attack
• Previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
  

How is a stroke diagnosed?

A number of tests are done, including:

• Brain scan
  

  Usually a CT scan is performed. Sometimes an MRI scan is needed. The scan will help the doctor confirm the type of stroke and its location.

• Blood tests
  

  To look for underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus and high cholesterol

• Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG)
  

  For information on heart diseases
  

• Ultrasound
  

  Studies of the blood vessels in the neck and skull (carotid ultrasound, transcranial Doppler), and of the heart (echocardiogram): To detect conditions that may be predisposed to stroke.

• Angiogram
  

  A small tube is inserted into the groin and passed along the blood vessel till it reaches the brain. A dye is injected and X-ray pictures are taken. These provide information on the location and severity of vessel blockage or bleed.
  

How is a stroke treated?

While in hospital, your condition will be closely monitored. About 20% of patients will worsen within the first week. Very high blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol will need to be lowered by dietary control and medications. Those who are unable to swallow safely may need to be fed by a tube through the nose.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation aims to get the patient to be independent in his daily activities. It starts as soon as possible through physical, occupational and speech therapy.

Ischaemic stroke

In ischaemic stroke, the use of blood thinners such as antiplatelet and anticoagulant medication significantly reduces the risk of a second stroke. If there is a severe narrowing of a neck artery leading to a minor stroke or TIA, surgery to remove that narrowing (carotid endarterectomy) reduces the risk of another stroke.

Haemorrhagic stroke

If the haemorrhagic stroke is due to rupture of a “bubble” on a blood vessel (an aneurysm), the aneurysm can be clipped surgically, or sometimes blocked up by specially-inserted coils. Rupture of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) can also cause a haemorrhagic stroke. Surgery, specially-inserted glue may be needed to treat it. Accumulation of brain fluid may need to be relieved by a surgically-inserted “drain”.

What are the chances of recovery after a stroke?

Recovery after stroke is a natural process. Up to a third of stroke patients recover fully, a third recover partially, and a third do not recover at all. About 10% to 20% may not survive the early period after the stroke. Recovery takes time. Most recovery occurs in the first 3 to 6 months, but it may continue slowly for many years.

There is a 5% to 15% chance a year of the stroke recurring. To reduce the chance of another stroke, all medications should be taken regularly and smoking must be stopped.

SingHealth experts share more about stroke (Part 1):