Shoulder Impingement

Shoulder impingement occurs when the tendons of the muscles surrounding the shoulder become compressed under the acromion bone.

Repetitive arm movements, particularly those above 90 degrees, can irritate the subacromial bursa—a fluid-filled sac—leading to inflammation and swelling (bursitis). Additionally, thickened ligaments and bone spurs may reduce the space available for tendons to move, further increasing the risk of impingement and bursitis.

Causes and Risk Factors:
Muscle Imbalance: This refers to the disproportionate tone or strength of the muscles around a joint, often resulting from unbalanced training regimes or poor technique.
Mechanical Factors: Bone spur formation on the acromion can reduce subacromial space, increasing the likelihood of impingement.
Direct Injury: Trauma to the tendon can also lead to impingement.

Signs and Symptoms:
Generalised shoulder pain that worsens with movement.
Difficulties with activities such as driving, dressing, combing hair, and lying on the affected shoulder.

Diagnosis:
Comprehensive history and physical examination
Imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans

Treatment may include:
Rest and pain relief using medications like paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Physiotherapy to improve the strength and coordination of the rotator cuff muscles
Corticosteroid injections into the subacromial bursa to reduce inflammation