Conditions

A slipped disc, also known as a herniated disc, occurs when the soft, gel-like centre of a spinal disc protrudes through a weakness in its outer layer. This can result in sudden and severe lower back pain.

Spinal Stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal which contains the nerve roots and spinal cord. This may increase pressure on the neural structures.

Spondylosis refers to the degeneration of the spine's discs and bones, often associated with osteoarthritis and general spinal wear and tear. It encompasses various forms of spinal degeneration, which commonly increase with age. 

This is a condition in which the capsule of the shoulder joint becomes inflamed and thickened. This results in pain, stiffness and restriction of shoulder movement. This condition is also known as adhesive capsulitis.

The rotator cuff consists of four small muscles that encircle the shoulder, playing a crucial role in stabilising the shoulder joint and facilitating its movement.

The most common traumatic injury occurring across a wide range of sports is shoulder dislocation. 

Shoulder impingement occurs when the tendons of the muscles surrounding the shoulder become compressed under the acromion bone.

The shoulder is an inherently unstable joint and depends on the surrounding muscles, capsule and ligaments for support and stability. These structures may be congenitally loose or damaged as a result of injury.

Hip Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that affects the hip joint, commonly occurring in individuals aged 50 and older, though it can also develop in younger people.

Snapping hip syndrome is characterised by an audible or visible snap or click in or around the hip joint during activities like walking, standing up, or swinging the leg. Athletes are at an increased risk due to the repetitive and physically demanding movements of the hips and lower limbs.

An ACL injury is a tear to the anterior cruciate ligament, The ACL, the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) are the four main stabilising ligaments of the knee . ​

Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (ITBFS) is a common cause of pain on the outer aspect of the knee, particularly among runners, military personnel, and cyclists. This overuse injury is often effectively managed with conservative treatment.

A healthy knee is cushioned by cartilage and lubricated by joint fluid, which allows for smooth, pain-free movement between the leg bones. In osteoarthritis (OA), this cartilage gradually wears away, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and swelling. 

The menisci are two C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures within the knee that act as cushions, providing stability and shock absorption. 

Patellar tendinopathy, often referred to as "jumper's knee," is an overuse injury commonly seen in athletes who engage in sports that involve frequent jumping. 

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common condition that causes pain around the knee cap (patella). It affects up to 25% of active people, and is especially common in women.

Achilles tendinopathy is an overuse injury affecting the achilles tendon, the tissue band connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone. It is most commonly seen in runners who have abruptly increased the intensity or duration of their runs, as well as in middle-aged individuals who participate in sports. 

Ankle sprain is the most common type of ankle injury. A sprain is an injury resulting from the stretching or tearing of ligaments. The most common is an inversion injury where the ankle turns under so the sole of the foot faces inwards, damaging the ligaments on the outside of the ankle. ​

The plantar fascia is a thick band of fibrous tissue that runs from the heel to the toes. It helps to maintain the medial arch of the foot and plays an important role in shock absorption and force generation when walking and running. It undergoes repetitive stretching and shortening during these activities. This repetitive stress, if excessive, can result in microtears and degeneration at its insertion to the bottom of the heel bone, thus causing pain.

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that disrupts normal brain function. Concussions can range in severity and require careful management. 

Shin splints is the general name given for injuries relating to pain at the front of the lower leg. Shin splints is not a diagnosis in itself but a description of symptoms.​