Shoulder Dislocation

The most common traumatic injury occurring across a wide range of sports is shoulder dislocation. Anterior dislocation make up approximately 95% of dislocations. In anterior dislocation, the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) is forced forwards when the arm is turned outwards (externally rotated) and held out to the side (abducted).

Dislocations can also be posterior, inferior, superior or intrathoracic, although these are very rare and can cause a number of complications and extensive damage to surrounding structures.

Causes and Risk Factors:
Joint Mobility vs. Stability: The shoulder is highly mobile, making it more prone to dislocations due to reduced stability.
Trauma: Acute dislocations are typically caused by direct or indirect trauma, such as a fall or forced abduction and external rotation.
Joint Instability: Individuals with highly unstable glenohumeral joints are at increased risk of recurrent dislocations, and some may learn to reduce them independently.

Signs and Symptoms:
Sudden Severe Pain: Dislocation causes an immediate and intense pain.
Deformity: The injured shoulder may look visibly different from the uninjured side, often losing its smooth, rounded contour.
Neurological Symptoms: Pins and needles or numbness in the arm or hand may occur if nerve damage is present.

Diagnosis and Treatment:
Initial Care: Protect the shoulder and prevent further damage by resting it in a sling. Seek medical attention immediately.
Medical Evaluation: It's crucial to get medical help even if the shoulder relocates itself. Rehabilitation is often needed to restore function and prevent future dislocations.
Surgery: May be recommended if the shoulder frequently dislocates or if there is an associated fracture.
Rehabilitation: After initial immobilisation, a gradual increase in pain-free movement is advised. Strengthening the rotator cuff muscles is essential to support the shoulder joint and prevent recurrence.