Spondylosis

Spondylosis refers to the degeneration of the spine's discs and bones, often associated with osteoarthritis and general spinal wear and tear. It encompasses various forms of spinal degeneration, which commonly increase with age. 

Causes and Risk Factors:
As individuals age, intervertebral discs lose their water content, leading to reduced shock absorption and stability. Over time, the cartilage within spinal joints thins, and bony overgrowths, known as bone spurs, may form. Additionally, ligaments become less elastic and thicken, contributing to stiffness and loss of spinal stability. 

Spondylosis typically occurs after the age of 40 but may also be influenced by: 
Poor posture that strains the spine
Spinal injuries
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity Genetic predispositions
Occupations involving repetitive heavy lifting 

Signs and Symptoms
Many individuals with spondylosis remain asymptomatic. However, when symptoms arise, they may include:
Pain and stiffness in the neck or back
Restricted movement, particularly after prolonged periods of sitting, walking, or remaining in the same position
If nerve compression occurs due to degenerated discs, osteophytes, or thickened joints, symptoms may also include weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs. 

Diagnosis:
Spondylosis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and imaging tests:X-rays to assess the extent of spinal degeneration MRI scans to evaluate soft tissue involvement 

Treatment may include:
Activity modification to reduce strain on the spine
Pain management with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Physiotherapy to improve mobility and strength
Surgical intervention in severe cases where conservative treatments are ineffective