Frozen Shoulder

Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is characterised by inflammation of the shoulder joint capsule, leading to thickening and stiffness. This condition can develop spontaneously or following a rotator cuff injury or other situations that cause immobility.

Causes and risk factors:

• Women aged 40 to 60 are at higher risk
• Endocrine issues such as diabetes mellitus or thyroid disorders
• Previous shoulder injuries can increase risk
• Extended periods of immobility after an injury

Signs and symptoms:

• Freezing stage is when pain is the primary symptom, intensifying over weeks and potentially affecting sleep and movement
• Frozen stage is when movement becomes increasingly restricted, with stiffness gradually worsening and impacting daily activities but pain may lessen 
• Thawing stage is when the shoulder's range of motion slowly improves

Diagnosis:

• Comprehensive history and physical examination
• Imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans
• Blood tests

Treatment may include:

• Rest
• Physiotherapy
• Corticosteroid injections
• Manipulation under anaesthesia