The breakdown of protein in the body results in the production of ammonia, a highly toxic substance. In the human liver, ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

If the kidneys are unable to excrete this waste product, it will accumulate in the body and cause harm. By reducing protein intake, we can help to reduce the production of this waste material.

2) Plant protein-soya bean products (soy milk, tofu), nuts, peas, beans
and lentils.

Protein from animal sources is of better quality and should make up most of the protein in the diet. This is because it produces less waste products compared to plant protein. Increased waste products will burden the kidneys even more.

The amount of protein allowed in the diet depends on the severity of the disease. For variety in your daily food intake, you can eat different sources of protein. Do not exceed the amount of protein recommended in your diet. To help you calculate the amount of protein that you eat, you may use the protein exchange list provided below.

Protein allowance per day ___ g/day

• For better body utilization, spread the consumption of protein foods evenly throughout the day instead of eating all protein foods at one meal.
• Obtain energy needs from other sources such as carbohydrates to prevent the use of protein for energy.
• For variety, use the protein exchange list in meal planning.
• If possible, exercise to prevent muscle wastage.

• Refined sugar - sweets, sugar, glucose, honey, syrup, soft drinks and cordials. These foods should be taken in moderation and are not recommended to people with diabetes.
• Fats and oil - eg. margarine and salad dressing (in moderation)
• Cornflour, tapioca flour, sago, tanghoon and agar-agar